Generating artificial homologous proteins according to the representative family character in molecular mechanics properties - an attempt in validating an underlying rule of protein evolution

The molecular mechanics property is the foundation of many characters of proteins. Based on intramolecular hydrophobic force network, the representative family character underlying a protein’s mechanics property is described by a simple two-letter scheme. The tendency of a sequence to become a member of a protein family is scored according to this mathematical representation. Remote homologs of the WW-domain family could be easily designed using such a mechanistic signature of protein homology. Experimental validation showed that nearly all artificial homologs have the representative folding and bioactivity of their assigned family. Since the molecular mechanics property is the only consideration in this study, the results indicate its possible role in the generation of new members of a protein family during evolution.

Molecular evolution of CXCR1, a G protein-coupled receptor involved in signal transduction of neutrophils

Human neutrophils are a type of white blood cell, which forms an early line of defense against bacterial infections. Neutrophils are highly responsive to the chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8) due to the abundant distribution of CXCR1, one of the IL-8 receptors on the neutrophil cell surface. As a member of the GPCR family, CXCR1 plays a crucial role in the IL-8 signal transduction pathway in neutrophils. We sequenced the complete coding region of the CXCR1 gene in worldwide human populations and five representative nonhuman primate species. Our results indicate accelerated protein evolution in the human lineage, which was likely caused by Darwinian positive selection. The sliding window analysis and the codon-based neutrality test identified signatures of positive selection at the N-terminal ligand/receptor recognition domain of human CXCR1.

Significant Residue Features Revealed By Eigenvalue Decomposition Analysis Of Blosum Matrices

Here we attempt to characterize protein evolution by residue features which dominate residue substitution in homologous proteins. Evolutionary information contained in residue substitution matrix is abstracted with the method of eigenvalue decomposition. Top eigenvectors in the eigenvalue spectrums are analyzed as function of the level of similarity, i.e. sequence identity (SI) between homologous proteins. It is found that hydrophobicity and volume are two significant residue features conserved in protein evolution. There is a transition point at SI approximate to 45%. Residue hydrophobicity is a feature governing residue substitution as SI >= 45%. Whereas below this SI level, residue volume is a dominant feature. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A scheme for multiple sequences alignment optimization-an improvement based on family representative mechanics features

As a basic tool of modern biology, sequence alignment can provide us useful information in fold, function, and active site of protein. For many cases, the increased quality of sequence alignment means a better performance. The motivation of present work is to increase ability of the existing scoring scheme/algorithm by considering residue–residue correlations better. Based on a coarse-grained approach, the hydrophobic force between each pair of residues is written out from protein sequence. It results in the construction of an intramolecular hydrophobic force network that describes the whole residue–residue interactions of each protein molecule, and characterizes protein's biological properties in the hydrophobic aspect. A former work has suggested that such network can characterize the top weighted feature regarding hydrophobicity. Moreover, for each homologous protein of a family, the corresponding network shares some common and representative family characters that eventually govern the conservation of biological properties during protein evolution. In present work, we score such family representative characters of a protein by the deviation of its intramolecular hydrophobic force network from that of background. Such score can assist the existing scoring schemes/algorithms, and boost up the ability of multiple sequences alignment, e.g. achieving a prominent increase (50%) in searching the structurally alike residue segments at a low identity level. As the theoretical basis is different, the present scheme can assist most existing algorithms, and improve their efficiency remarkably.

从基因组角度探讨果蝇蛋白质的进化

蛋白质进化的驱动力是分子进化中最基本的问题之一，研究者们早已在群体 遗传学研究中做出了许多模型和推测。基因组时代的到来使得证实这些经典理论 成为可能果蝇12 个基因组测序计划产生了大量新的数据，通过分析这些新的数 据，可以获得对果蝇蛋白质进化的更深入认识，也可以为分子进化研究的许多经 典理论提供验证。 我们利用黑腹果蝇种组的六个基因组，结合比较基因组学和功能基因组学的 研究手段，对黑腹果蝇种组中蛋白质的进化速率与许多可能影响蛋白质进化的功 能基因组学参数进行了统计学分析，从全基因组水平上探讨了果蝇蛋白质的进 化。 研究结果表明，表达特异性是决定果蝇蛋白质进化的最显著因素，广泛表达 的持家基因具有更低的进化速率，而表达量尽管与蛋白质进化呈负相关，但是这 个效应并不强，表达对蛋白质进化的影响与密码子偏好性和基因的功能多样性无 关，可能是由翻译后选择导致的。基因的功能重要性和基因的功能密度都对蛋白 质的进化有显著的影响，二者之间存在一定的联系，但是基因的功能密度对蛋白 质进化的影响要大于基因的功能重要性。蛋白质长度受到表达量选择，高表达的 基因往往具有更短的蛋白长度，因此，高表达蛋白的蛋白质长度与蛋白质进化速 率不相关，但是蛋白质长度在非高表达基因中对蛋白质进化存在显著的影响，其 机制可以部分的由基因的功能密度来解释，更确切的机制还需进一步研究。第一 个内含子的长度与蛋白质的进化速率显著相关，可能是由于第一个内含子中存在 较多的调控序列导致。基因重复的固定机制主要是高复杂度基因发生重复后的亚 功能化，而功能补偿效应和剂量平衡效应并不重要。基因的重组率在全基因组水 平上与蛋白质进化速率显著负相关，可能是因为基因组中大多数蛋白并不参与到 正选择的过程当中所致。 本研究系统的分析了影响果蝇蛋白质进化速率的各种功能基因组学参数的 效应，除了重新分析了过往研究中提到的基因表达水平，蛋白质相互作用，蛋白质长度这些参数在果蝇蛋白质进化中的影响，本工作还分析了许多新的参数，包 括表达特异度，内含子长度，基因功能重要性，基因功能密度，基因重复，基因 重组等。我们的工作不仅进一步证实了许多在进化基因组学研究中被广泛接受的 理论，还获得了一些与过去研究不同的结果，例如，果蝇蛋白质长度与蛋白质进 化速率呈负相关，第一个内含子在蛋白质进化中有很重要的作用等。

H5N1 avian influenza re-emergence of Lake Communication Qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has swept west across the globe and caused serious debates on the roles of migratory birds in virus circulation since the first large-scale outbreak in migratory birds of Lake Qinghai, 2005. In May 2006, another outbreak struck Lake Qinghai and six novel strains were isolated. To elucidate these QH06 viruses, the six isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses show that QH06 viruses are derived from the lineages of Lake Qinghai, 2005. Five of the six novel isolates are adjacent to the strain A/Cygnus olor/Croatia/1/05, and the last one is related to the strain A/duck/Novosibirsk/ 02/05, an isolate of the flyway. Antigenic analyses suggest that QH06 and QH05 viruses are similar to each other. These findings implicate that QH06 viruses of Lake Qinghai may travel back via migratory birds, though not ruling out the possibility of local circulation of viruses of Lake Qinghai.

Origination and evolution of a human-specific transmembrane protein gene, c1orf37-dup

A transmembrane protein gene, c1orf37-dup, was identified as a young gene specific to humans. It was derived from the conserved c1orf37 gene through retroposition after the divergence of human and chimpanzee. This gene has evolved rapidly driven by positi

Molecular evolution of the keratin associated protein gene family in mammals, role in the evolution of mammalian hair

Background: Hair is unique to mammals. Keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs), which contain two major groups: high/ultrahigh cysteine and high glycine-tyrosine, are one of the major components of hair and play essential roles in the formation of rigid and

Origin and evolution of new exons in the rodent zinc finger protein 39 gene

The origin of new structures and functions is an important process in evolution. In the past decades, we have obtained some preliminary knowledge of the origin and evolution of new genes. However, as the basic unit of genes, the origin and evolution of exons remain unclear. Because young exons retain the footprints of origination, they can be good materials for studying origin and evolution of new exons. In this paper, we report two young exons in a zinc finger protein gene of rodents. Since they are unique sequences in mouse and rat genome and no homologous sequences were found in the orthologous genes of human and pig, the young exons might originate after the divergence of primates and rodents through exonization of intronic sequences. Strong positive selection was detected in the new exons between mouse and rat, suggesting that these exons have undergone significant functional divergence after the separation of the two species. On the other hand, population genetics data of mouse demonstrate that the new exons have been subject to functional constraint, indicating an important function of the new exons in mouse. Functional analyses suggest that these new exons encode a nuclear localization signal peptide, which may mediate new ways of nuclear protein transport. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the origin and evolution of young exons.

Observation Of Diffusion Process Of A Water Droplet Immersed In Protein Solution In Microgravity

Pure liquid - liquid diffusion driven by concentration gradients is hard to study in a normal gravity environment since convection and sedimentation also contribute to the mass transfer process. We employ a Mach - Zehnder interferometer to monitor the mass transfer process of a water droplet in EAFP protein solution under microgravity condition provided by the Satellite Shi Jian No 8. A series of the evolution charts of mass distribution during the diffusion process of the liquid droplet are presented and the relevant diffusion coefficient is determined.

Accelerated evolution of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide precursor gene during human origin

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and involved in regulating neurogenesis and neuronal signal transduction. The amino acid sequence of PACAP is extremely conserved across vertebrate species, indicating a strong functional constraint during the course of evolution. However, through comparative sequence analysis, we demonstrated that the PACAP precursor gene underwent an accelerated evolution in the human lineage since the divergence from chimpanzees, and the amino acid substitution rate in humans is at least seven times faster than that in other mammal species resulting from strong Darwinian positive selection. Eleven human-specific amino acid changes were identified in the PACAP precursors, which are conserved from murine to African apes. Protein structural analysis suggested that a putative novel Deuropeptide might have originated during human evolution and functioned in the human brain. Our data suggested that the PACAP precursor gene underwent adaptive changes during human origin and may have contributed to the formation of human cognition.

Adaptive evolution of MRGX2, a human sensory neuron specific gene involved in nociception

MRGX2, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is specifically expressed in the sensory neurons of the human peripheral nervous system and involved in nociception. Here, we studied DNA polymorphism patterns and evolution of the MRGX2 gene in world-wide human populations and the representative nonhuman primate species. Our results demonstrated that MRGX2 had undergone adaptive changes in the path of human evolution, which were likely caused by Darwinian positive selection. The patterns of DNA sequence polymorphisms in human populations showed an excess of derived substitutions, which against the expectation of neutral evolution, implying that the adaptive evolution of MRGX2 in humans was a relatively recent event. The reconstructed secondary structure of the human MRGX2 revealed that three of the four human-specific amino acid substitutions were located in the extra-cellular domains. Such critical substitutions may alter the interactions between MRGX2 protein and its ligand, thus, potentially led to adaptive changes of the pain-perception-related nervous system during human evolution. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Detecting positive darwinian selection in brain-expressed genes during human evolution

To understand the genetic basis that underlies the phenotypic divergence between human and non-human primates, we screened a total of 7176 protein-coding genes expressed in the human brain and compared them with the chimpanzee orthologs to identity genes